All of the refrigerants use r11 as a calibration and thus r11 has an odp of 1. Carbon dioxide has a baseline gwp of 1, therefore, a gas that has a gwp that is higher than 1 traps more heat than co2. In the last two centuries, human ingenuity made it. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information. Refrigeration systems using low global warming potential refrigerants. Which refrigerants have the lowest ozone depletion potential. I will be going over the top three classes at this point in time. Today, as in that first system, the refrigerant absorbs heat and transfers it at a higher temperature and a higher pressure, usually with a phase change. Ozone depletion and global warming are two major environmental concerns with serious implications for the future development of the refrigerationbased industries. Highgwp refrigerants california air resources board. Ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp. Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants and their solution.
Ozone is a variant of oxygen, the ozone molecule having three atoms of oxygen. Product information sorted by product type and name type product r number odp1 gwp2 cfc 12 1 high 10900 high 502 0,33 high 4657 high. The following table lists some of the most common refrigerants and shows. They also have good energy efficiency, but are flammable and can form an explosive mixture with air if a leak occurs. The search for refrigerants with low global warming potential gwp to replace more harmful hfcs is continuing.
Energy procedia 18 2012 807 a 816 18766102 a 2012 published by elsevier ltd. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the ozone hole. Highglobal warming potential highgwp refrigerants include all ozonedepleting substances and any refrigerant with a gwp of 150 or higher. Stratospheric ozone depletion and hvac refrigerants. Semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. The american society of heating, refrigerating, and airconditioning engineers ashrae is an international leader in the field of refrigeration and air conditioning.
The refrigerator and air conditioning industries have started to address the future challenges. Spanich, according to the german energy agency, the operation of ventilation and airconditioning systems accounts for around 20 percent of all energy consumed by commercial buildings. Edge guidance document for refrigerant selection to reduce climate impact based on the montreal protocol version 1 published. Refrigerant retrofits unit 9 test flashcards quizlet.
The earliest mechanical refrigeration used air as a working fluid. Natural refrigerants selecting and designing energyefficient commercial refrigeration systems that use low global warming potential refrigerants caleb nelson, chuck reis, eric nelson, james armer, rob arthur, richard heath, and james rono cta architects engineers boise, idaho adam hirsch and ian doebber. Computer models have long been used to estimate the relative. Cfcs were replaced with hcfcs, which have lower ozonedepletion potential odp, or with hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which have zero odp. Even though hfcs have a zeroodp, in some cases it has a global warming potential highgwp. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. Types of refrigerants and their environmental impact. Low gwp refrigerant ozonedepletion potential zeroodp. The need to find a long term solution calls for the use of natural refrigerants. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants section.
Impact of charge degradation on the life cycle climate performance of a residential air conditioning system an evaluation of the environmental impact of different commercial supermarket refrigeration systems using low global warming potential refrigerants. Mar 16, 2019 a refrigerant is a non corrosive liquid or gas that you use in a machine to exchange heat. Currently the major refrigerant is switching to hydrofluorocarbons hfcs which has zero ozone depletion potential zeroodp. In some categories of the leed rating system, minimum energy performance and fundamental refrigerant management are included as a prerequisites, the intent is to establish a minimum level of energy efficiency for the building system and reduce ozone depletion potential, gwp, and support early compliance with epa montreal protocol. Refrigerants properties pdf product data summary and thermodynamic tables. Those who design, purchase, install, and service equipment air conditioning and refrigeration equipment should consult. Fluids suitable for refrigeration purposes can be classified. Odp is ozone depletion potential of with re ference to cfc r11 as 1. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layerglobal warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global warming. Hydrofluorocarbons hfcs, which are currently used as refrigerants in airconditioning ac systems, are potent greenhouse gases, with high values of global warming potential gwp. Ozone blank is a numeric value assigned to refrigerants to compair how harmful they can be to the ozone depletion potential a refrigerant global warming potential gwp is based on a ratio of the refrigerants warming effect compared to the warming effect of.
Volkmar hasse, gtz proklima, germany preface volkmar hasse, gtz proklima i. This website addresses stratospheric ozone issues, including the science of ozone depletion, epas regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, epaapproved alternatives to ozone depleting substances, and sun safety. Cfcs are generally characterised by a big odp value, because they contain chlorine, which is accused of heavily contributing to the ozone. Comparison of environmental impacts and physical properties of refrigerants ko matsunaga executive summary even before the invention of refrigeration, people wanted to improve their life by using ice to provide cold drinks and preserve food. Through its mission to advance the arts and sciences of heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world. Free flashcards to help memorize facts about practice test. Environmental concerns about ozone depletion and global warming have led over time to the development of evolving global and regional regulations, which has had significant implications for refrigerants across applications. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Refrigerants are regulated as hazardous materials by the us epa and carb, due to their ozone depleting ability and powerful greenhouse gas potential. Airconditioning with natural refrigerants interview with thomas spanich, member of the board at eurammon, the european initiative for natural refrigerants mr. Refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. Some of these refrigerants are entirely new ones, while the others are the mixture of two or more refrigerants.
Gwp values for ozone depleting substances can range, for example, from 2 up to about 14,000. R410a is a non ozone depleting binary blend of two hfc refrigerants, comprising 50% of r32 and 50% of r125 by percentage of weight, it has no chlorine content, and only a modest global warming potential. R11 high chlorine content gwp is 4000 r22 low chlorine content gwp is 1700 r4a no chlorine content gwp is 0 34. Refrigerants refrigeration systems and applications. Inorganic and organic groups are important sources of refrigerants and absorbents. Global warming potential gwp is a measure of how much a given mass of a gas contributes to global. R23 is an hfc refrigerant gas used in very low temperature refrigeration systems. Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Ozonedepleting substances ozone layer protection us epa. R4a is widely used in automotive air conditioning and residential, commercial and industrial refrigeration systems, but also as a blowing agent for rigid foam insulation materials production.
In general, all refrigerants are characterised by two numbers. The process is not easy, and although there are alternatives to old refrigerants, the new ones are usually not flawless. Environmental impact of the refrigeration and air conditioning sectors refrigerants refrigerants pose a threat to the environment because of their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp. Refrigerants that have a low ozone depletion potential odp will, in turn, have a high total equivalent. Ozone depletion potential odp there are also some chemical compounds, which include refrigerants, that contribute to. In particular, property managers must oversee the proper management of refrigerants and refrigerantcontaining. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Chemical refrigerants are assigned an r number which is determined systematically according. Classification of refrigerants refrigerants are classified according to their way of absorption or extraction of heat from substances stored in the refrigerator. Nonozone depleting substances ods do not deplete the earths protective ozone layer. Compressor basic refrigeration cycle evaporator condenser receiver expansion. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5.
Desirable properties of refrigerants chemical engineering site. A refrigerant is a fluid used in a refrigeration system to extract heat at low temperature and low pressure during evaporation and reject heat at high temperature and high pressure during condensation. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. However, halogenated refrigerants possess comparatively poor environmental properties with respect to ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp. In order from the highest to the lowest potential of ozone depletion are. Cfc 11, or r11 has the maximum potential amongst chlorocarbons because of the presence of three chlorine atoms in the molecule. Refrigerants containing chlorine or bromine contribute to the breakdown of the ozone layer see figure 5. Ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants. But through domestic and international action, the ozone layer is healing and should fully recover by about 2065. Refrigerants can thus also be ranked according to their impact on the stratospheric ozone layer the ozone depletion potential, odp or as greenhouse gases the global warming potential, gwp. Furthermore, natural refrigerants stand out not only by being environmentfriendly the global warming potential of ammonia is zero and that of carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons is negligibly small but above all by being energy efficient. Desirable properties of refrigerants used in refrigeration applications like physical, chemical, environmental properties including economic aspects. Which type of refrigerant has the highest ozone depletion potential odp.
According to the montreal protocol, the odp of refrigerants should be. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration. Alternatives to ozone depleting refrigerants in test equipment. This is a relative indication of the effect of the substance on breaking down the ozone layer. First you compress it and because its molecules are shoved into a smaller space they rapidly bounce off one another and heat up. Stratospheric ozone depletion is a global threat to the balance of nature resulting in a decreasing concentration of ozone particles in the upper atmosphere. Companies like honeywell are to looking into redesigning appliances like air conditioners and refrigerant applications that have a lower gwp.
A number of alternative refrigerants have been developed and still many more new are being developed. Refrigerants pdf classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important. It was designed to provide benefits in efficiency and system size by increasing system pressure and. Hazards during the repair and maintenance of refrigeration. Restrictions the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the. Global warming potential vs ozone depletion potential. American society of heating, refrigerating and air. The ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause, with trichlorofluoromethane r11 or cfc11 being fixed at an odp of 1. Refrigerants and their environmental impact substitution of. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks one goal the montreal protocol and the kyoto protocol. Odp defined the odp, or ozone depletion potential, is the potential for a single molecule of the refrigerant to destroy the ozone layer. The regulation for the management of high global warming potential refrigerants for stationary sources carb.
Hydroflourocarbons hfcs can be short and midterm replacements, but may not be permanent due to their high global warming potential gwp 5. Ozone depletion potential odp of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the ozone layer. Refrigerants and cfcs a major cause of ozone layer depletion. This refrigeration playbook provides guidance to refrigeration system design teams about selecting energyefficient refrigeration systems that use lowglobal warming potential gwp refrigerants. Systems with natural refrigerants need around 30% less energy. Calm otherwise retired except as restricted by national regulations. The effects on the industry of the actions to reduce ozone depletion and global warming are now apparent. Products that normally contain ozone depleting substances should be replaced with functionally similar products that contain nonozone depleting substances. The stratospheric ozone layer is earths sunscreen protecting living things from too much ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Limited options for lowglobalwarmingpotential refrigerants.
Compared to halogenated refrigerants, hydrocarbons like isobutane r600a and propane r290 offer several advantages. New refrigerants impact standards and codes the function of refrigerant as a fluid used for heat transfer has not changed since the development of the first refrigerating system. The two main types of hazardous refrigerants used in vessel. Ozone depletion potential odp is the potential for a single molecule of the refrigerant to destroy the ozone layer. Pdf ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options. History of refrigeration refrigeration relates to the cooling of air or liquids, thus. Classification can be divided into class 1, class 2, class 3. Estimates of relative potentials to enhance global warming halocarbons global warming potential or hgwp will be discussed in a subsequent publication fisher et al. Policylegislation on fgases and alternatives two environmental frameworks. Other activities to help include hangman, crossword, word scramble, games, matching, quizes, and tests. Introduction under the montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer, article 7 of the protocol requires all parties, both developing countries also called article 5 countries and developed countries. Next generation refrigeration lubricants for low global. Edge guidance document for refrigerant selection to reduce.
This paper contains a summarized look at our experience and knowledge, describing the background, trends, and drivers that frame the scenarios for present and future refrigerant selection. Hazards during the repair and maintenance of refrigeration systems on vessels the repair and maintenance of refrigeration systems can present hazards to both workers servicing these systems and those in the general area. Environmental aspects are increasingly being taken into consideration. May 14, 2015 ozone depletion potential of different refrigerants slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s. The emission of ozone depleting substances has been damaging the ozone layer. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition.
The odp is the ratio of the impact on ozone of a chemical compared to the impact of a similar mass of cfc11. Common refrigerants and their ozone depletion potential odp and global warming potential gwp are indicated below. Table 1 gives an overview of the different groups of refrigerants. Natural refrigerants sustainable ozone and climatefriendly alternatives to hcfcs introduction dr. R4a tetrafluoroethane is an environmental nonozonedepleting refrigerant, the cooling capacity and efficiency and r12 is very close, they were regarded as longterm alternative to r12. Before i can answer that question there is the need to point out that there are a variety of different classes of refrigerants that are on the market today throughout the world. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. The airconditioning and refrigeration industry has moved to hfc refrigerants which have zero ozone depletion and low global warming potential due to regulations on cfc and hcfc refrigerants and concerns for the environment. Mar 03, 2015 what refrigerant has the lowest ozone depletion. Phasing out hcfc refrigerants to protect the ozone layer pdf. Indicators for quantitative comparison of the various substancesareodp8ozonedepletionpotentialandgwp9 global warming potential, which are closely related to their atmospheric lifetime alt 10. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion.
Most of the cfcs and hcfcs causing ozone layer depletion and greenhouse effect are already being phased out. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. The refrigerants that are used in refrigerating and airconditioning systems should be harmless to the environment and not contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer, or to the increase in earths warming potential also called the greenhouse effect. Halocarbon scenarios, ozone depletion potentials, and global warming potentials pdf. For each ods, this page provides the compounds atmospheric lifetime, ozone depletion potential ozone depletion potentiala number that refers to the amount of ozone depletion caused by a substance. The ozone depletion potential odp of a refrigerant is the relative amount of depletion to the ozone layer it can cause. The interest in finding new refrigerants and working fluids has highlighted r. All of the refrigerants use r11 as a datum reference, and thus r11 has an odp of 1.
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